[Special Study] Current Situation of the Development of World Ocean Fishing Vessels

2019-08-12 09:41:42

1 Ocean Fisheries Profile
Ocean fisheries are an integral part of marine fisheries and refer to fishing activities carried out on the high seas and in the exclusive economic zones of other countries far from their own fishing ports or fishing bases. Fishing operations on the high seas are generally referred to as Oceanic fisheries and operations in the exclusive economic zones of other States are referred to as pelagic fisheries. Oceanic fisheries are highly mechanized and automated, and help advanced fishing and navigation equipment and equipment. Large processing mother ships with longer endurance(equipment for refrigeration, refrigeration, processing of aquatic products, comprehensive utilization, etc.) and fishing fleets composed of several fishing sub-vessels, refuelling vessels, and transport vessels.
Ocean fisheries, like the energy industry and the mining industry, are important resource-based strategic industries. As an important part of the marine economy, the ocean-going fishery industry involves the country's maritime rights and interests, economic interests, food supply security, resources and diplomatic strategies.
In 1994, with the entry into force of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, coupled with the increasing problem of over-fishing of offshore fishery resources and environmental pollution, countries around the world began to strengthen the management and protection of fishery resources in their exclusive economic zones. At the same time, The development and utilization of high seas and polar fishery resources have been actively carried out, and ocean-going fisheries have thus become a hot spot in the world's fishery development.
2 Status of development of world ocean-going fishing vessels
2.1 Basic characteristics of ocean-going fishing vessels
Ocean fishing vessels refer to ships engaged in ocean fishing and production. They are the most important tools for the development of ocean fishing resources. The main types of ships are trawls, purse seines, and longlines. Among them, trawl and purse seine fishing vessels are generally more than 50 m captains, while longline fishing vessels are slightly smaller. Ocean fishing vessels are basically above 300 kW in power and are usually equipped with refrigerated processing equipment. Their basic characteristics are as follows:
In order to adapt to continuous navigation and operation in the storm, it requires better stability, wave resistance, and seaworthiness. The structure needs to be particularly strong.
The load varies greatly during the operation.
Marine equipment requires reliable structural performance, durability, and ease of maintenance.
4 The host has a higher power and higher relative speed.
(5) In addition to general marine equipment, advanced fishing equipment, preservation and processing equipment, fishing and navigation equipment, etc., are required, and the performance of thermal insulation facilities is required for the fish tank.
2.2 Introduction to the Type of Ocean Fishing Vessel
Ocean fishing is different from offshore fishing. The modernization of ocean fishing vessel equipment is more demanding. It is both a fishing vessel and a factory. The world's fishing powers have carried out a series of research and development work on ocean-going fishing vessels. From the perspective of the construction of ocean-going fishing vessels, the basic development directions include ship scales, construction materials, fishing equipment, and fuel efficiency. Since the technological content of ocean-going fishing vessels has a decisive impact on fishing operations, it can be said that the development of ocean-going fishing vessels determines the future of a country in the field of ocean-going fisheries.
Among all ocean-going fishing vessels, trawl, purse seine, and longline are the three main types of ships. Among them, the trawler has the largest type of boat, the world's largest trawler has a total length of more than 140 M, and the cabin capacity exceeds 11,000 M3, mainly carrying out pelagic trawling; The second is the purse seine, but the captain of the large tuna purse seine also exceeds 100m; Longline fishing vessels are generally small, and the captain of the world's largest longline fishing vessel is about 55 M. The Seine and trawl fishing equipment generally adopts advanced hydraulic transmission and electrical automatic control technology. The equipment is safe, flexible, and highly automated. The drag-power of the winch machine reaches more than 100t, and the speed is high and the efficiency is high. Fishing equipment is based on automatic fishing. A brief introduction to the three types of ocean-going fishing vessels is provided below.
2.2.1 Trawlers
A trawler is a fishing vessel that uses a towing bag net to force the target into the net. This type of fishing boat can actively and flexibly drag fishing groups. The main targets of fishing include squid, squid, bamboo carp, shrimp, crabs, deep-sea fish, and foot species. Antarctic krill is also listed. Trawling is one of the most important fishing methods in modern times, and it is also the largest number of fishing vessels. However, due to its equally destructive nature, unreasonable trawling will have a certain impact on the ecological environment, so people's evaluation of it is also mixed.
Trawl operations can be carried out by single or double ships. Ocean operations are generally single ships. Trawlers with grades 2000 to 5000 T can have a water depth of about 1000 M. Trawling on trawlers uses winches on the deck to close the net. Keeping the water layer of the net is mainly done by adjusting the length and speed of the tracer. The harvested seafood is stored in the ship's cold storage. Large ocean-going trawlers also have fish processing equipment that can process frozen fish sections, fish fillets and fishmeal.
In the design and construction of trawlers, in addition to the reasonable determination of the size and weight of trawlers, trawlers and cables, their total resistance is matched with the drag force of the ship, and the ship's power system is operated under good conditions. On the other hand, fishing boats are also required to have good performance, and in particular, fishing boats are required to have greater drag. It is of practical significance to increase the drag force by improving the mechanical process, Propeller propulsion efficiency and hull line. In addition, for large and medium-sized trawlers, in addition to having to avoid the wind in the event of catastrophic weather, they need to operate at sea day and night. Even in the event of severe weather, they can only sail in the wind, so trawlers are required to have better anti-storm performance. It is worth mentioning that due to the long duration of ocean-going operations, it is often measured in months at a time. Therefore, there are also higher requirements for the cabin capacity of freshwater tanks and fuel tanks. This is also applicable to other types of ocean-going fishing boats.
In the choice of the host, low fuel consumption is the current consensus. According to the European Commission report, many high-fuel trawlers are struggling to preserve their savings, and low fuel consumption is also a support for environmental protection. Of course, the fuel consumption of Gaoye is related to the way trawlers operate, such as bottom trawlers and cross-truss trawlers. In addition, due to the operating mode, there are several special requirements for the host of trawlers:
In order to reduce the auxiliary aircraft, simplify the cabin power equipment and reduce fuel consumption, the ability to output more than 75 <UNK> calibration torque at the free end of the host must be used to drive equipment such as windings and generators.
The operating conditions of the trawler's main engine change frequently, and there are both low-speed high load, high-speed low load and low-speed low load. Therefore, the main engine is required to be able to adapt to the changeable working conditions.
The main engine of the fishing boat must be equipped with a clutch. When the main engine is running at idle speed, the propeller can be stopped by the propeller to prevent the propeller from winding the mesh suit and the rope.
Other requirements for trawlers include gimmicks, twirling machines, refrigeration equipment, and fish handling equipment. Several types of larger foreign trawlers are described below.
The world's largest trawler, the Annelies Ilena
The "Annelies Ilena" is today's largest frozen processing trawler, with a captain of 144.6 M, a width of 24.3 M, a carrying weight of 11,500 T, a refrigerated cabin capacity of 8000 T, a fuel tank capacity of 3000 T, and a daily processing capacity of 350 T. Forklifts are used on board to assist unloading. The main mode of operation is a middle trawl with two 15 M2 mesh panels weighing 3.1 kg.

The largest energy-saving, environmentally friendly ocean trawler in Denmark.
The ship is an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly "full-function" trawler. The owner is Git Henning of Denmark. It is currently built at the Western Baltija Shipyard and is also the first "full-function" fishing boat built by the shipyard. The temporary name is "Gitte Henning S349". Delivery is expected in August 2013. Waxilan is responsible for the design of the ship and provides a complete propulsion system. The complete set of propulsion equipment includes Waxilan's new 9L32 main engine, gearbox, pitch slurry, high-efficiency guide tube, Waxilan's 8L26 auxiliary machine and other related equipment. In order to reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides, the engine also installed Waxilan's nitrogen oxide reduction device. Based on selective catalytic reduction(SCR) technology, the device can reduce nitrogen oxide emissions by up to 85 to 95 %, reduce nitrogen oxide emissions to 1.5 g/kWh, and meet the IMO's IMO Tier III requirements planned for implementation in 2016. The ship's propulsion system saves fuel.
The trawler, which will be engaged in middle trawling in the Danish and European Union waters next year, has two trawl patterns and has 13 frozen marine fish compartments with a total capacity of 3200m3. The ship is equipped with a complete handling and cooling system and a vacuum pump system to support the handling of catches. In Waxilan's new design, the overall goal is to improve the environmental performance of fishing boats by reducing fuel consumption and harmful emissions. In addition, the optimal design also provides the ship with the maximum tether drag and the best energy efficiency when trawling. When put into use, the vessel will become the largest trawler in Denmark.
2.2.2 purse seine fishing vessels
The purse-seine operation is based on the characteristics of the cluster of fishing objects. It uses long-banded or two-winged mesh tools to surround the fish, and uses the method of encircling or combining encircling and dragging to force the fish to concentrate on the fish or net sac, thus achieving the purpose of fishing. Large scale of production, Network production is high. The purse seine is one of the main fishing gear for the development of pelagic fish resources. The annual catch of the world purse seine fishery accounts for about 20 to 30 tons of the total catch of marine fishing, and it occupies an important position in the marine fishery. According to estimates by the UN food and Agriculture organization, tuna, herring, sardines, Jack fish and other pelagic fish resources may be more than 50 million tons of development, so the purse-seine fishery has a good fishing resource base.
Similar to trawl operations, purse-seine operations can also be carried out by single or double boats. For purse seine vessels, because of their large operations and high technical requirements, they are required to possess certain special features and to be equipped with the necessary fishing machinery and equipment, as follows:
Rapidity In order to catch fish and achieve the purpose of encircling, the purse seine fishing boat should have a certain speed. When information is received about the concentration of fish found in a certain area, it needs to be quickly driven to the central fishery. The speed of the tuna is faster, so when fishing for tuna stocks, the purse-seine vessel must reach a speed of 13 kn or more. It should be noted that the speed at which net ships are rounded up is not free speed. Because when the ship moves from a straight line to a circular motion, the friction force on the hull is generated when the hull resistance increases and the net is launched. Due to the above reasons, the ship slowed down by about 35 miles.
Manipulating performance purse seine fishing boats not only undertake the task of placing nets around fish stocks, netting, fishing, etc., but also act as a light boat to lure fish and send fish to the main light ship. The above operations are difficult at night and bad weather, so the ship is required to be flexible, convenient and reliable for speed control.
Stable and wind-resistant purse-seine fishing boats need to be loaded with 15-20 t-heavy mesh tools and piled up 1.5 to 2.0 M. At the same time, the net fishing machinery is numerous and has considerable weight. The weight above the deck must affect the position of the ship's center of gravity. In addition, when the power scooter is used to winch the net, the focus point is very high, which can easily lead to the rolling of the ship and is even more serious in the stormy weather. Therefore, the above factors should be fully considered in the design to ensure that the fishing vessel has good stability and anti-storm performance.
Due to the large size of the fence, the deck area requires a spacious deck and stacking mesh tools.
Due to the long distance of ocean operations, the duration of the purse seine is longer and requires a certain endurance.
Mechanical equipment The basic mechanical equipment of a net fishing boat includes: Brackets, netting power skis, running winches, and netting winches. In order to improve efficiency, some countries with advanced Seine technology abroad are also equipped with a net starter, a wall roller, a fish suction pump, etc., and use hydraulic or electric transmission, and can be centralized remote control. At the same time, the ship is equipped with advanced radio buoys and marine electronics technology. In addition, the freezing temperature requirement for tuna is -50 ~ -65 °C, so refrigeration equipment with higher power is required.
Due to the higher requirements, the construction costs of purse seine fishing vessels are also relatively expensive. In recent years, the development of large ocean-going tuna purse seine fishing vessels has been more expensive, usually with a unit price of up to US$ 20 million. Several types of larger and more advanced purse seine fishing vessels are described below.
Spanish fishing vessel Albatun Tres
The Albatun Tres is currently one of the largest purse seine fishing vessels in the world. Like its sister ship, the Albatun Dos, the captain is 115 M and the width is 16.6 M. The main target of fishing is tuna. During the purse seine operation, the ship moved from one fish gathering device(FAD) point to another, during which time it unfolded its huge net and fished for all the fish that swam near FAD. A trip to the purse seine can catch about 3000 T of tuna.
Norwegian fishing vessel "Christina E"
"Christina E" is one of the largest purse seine fishing boats in Norway and is owned by Norwegian Ervik & amp; The company Sævik, designed by Waxilan, was built by the Karstensens Skibsværft shipyard and delivered in 2011. The ship's entry-level DNV is designed to pay great attention to reducing fuel consumption, reducing the impact on the environment, and the safety and comfort of the crew. In addition, the ship also has a complete loading and unloading and refrigeration system, which greatly improves the storage capacity of fish products. The installation of exhaust catalytic devices and hybrid propulsion systems reduces the need for continuous mainframe operation, while also reducing fuel consumption and saving costs. In terms of functionality, the ship can also conduct trawl operations and research and investigation operations in addition to purse seine operations, and has 1C ice level symbols and DP1 power positioning capabilities. Waxilan called it an "art class" fishing boat.

2.2.3 Longline fishing vessels
The longline fishing vessel is one of the main types of fishing vessels and is widely used in the world. The method of longline fishing is to release a dry rope up to 100 kilometers in the sea from the ship. There are branch lines and floaters at a certain distance. With the buoyancy of the float, the bait on the branch line is suspended in a certain depth of water., lure the fish, In order to achieve the purpose of fishing.
Ocean longline fishing vessels generally have a tonnage of more than 200 T, and larger ones exceed 1000 T. The hull is usually a single deck tail model, the stern deck is put on the line, and the stern deck is off the line. There is a coil or coil machine on the deck of the stern building to handle the main line of fishing gear. Fish cabins are generally located in the quail. Due to the high refrigeration requirements for fish products in ocean-going longline fishing vessels, the power of generator sets and refrigeration compressors is also relatively large. In addition, ocean operations take a long time, up to several months or even one year, so the requirements for self-sustainability are also high. The number of tuna longline vessels in modern longline fishing vessels is the highest, and the type of vessels is also large. A brief description of tuna longline fishing vessels is provided below.
Ocean tuna longline fishing vessels generally have a captain of more than 50 M, a registered total tonnage of more than 350 GT, a host power of more than 735 kW, and a speed of 10 to 14 kn. The refrigeration capacity of the quick-freeze equipment on board can reach below -55 °C. Fishing machine equipment mainly includes tether, tether indicator, tether, conveyor belt, tether, branch line machine and so on. The necessary navigation AIDS for fishing on board include: automatic rudder, Global Positioning System GPS, track instrument, unilateral belt(SSB), radar, police telex(NAVTEX), automatic direction detector, and color fish detector for detecting tuna or other bait(dual frequency). If conditions permit or require for scientific research, it should also be equipped with a temperature salt depth meter(STD), a sea current meter(multi-layer), a sea elephant meter, and a miniature temperature depth meter(TDR, measuring the depth of the hook). In addition, some advanced tuna longline fishing boats will be equipped with a full set of automated longline fishing equipment, mainly composed of a rope carrier, an automatic bait carrier, an automatic tether, a trunk tether hoist, and a branch line hoist. Europe has a considerable level of research and development of longline fishing machines, such as the Norwegian Mustad automatic fishing system, which can be equipped with up to about 70,000 hooks and automatic lifting fishing.
The following points should also be noted in the design of ocean-going tuna longline fishing vessels:(1) The height of the superstructure and deck machinery must be controlled to reduce the area of the wind and control the stability of the empty ship. The cabin is arranged as symmetrically as possible to ensure that the empty ship is in a positive state and to avoid the adverse effects of excessive wind area on the waterline. The cabin is arranged reasonably, and the refrigerated fish cabin is arranged in the middle to ensure that the longitudinal position of the center of gravity caused by the change in loading volume does not change much. 4 Ensure that there are enough deck areas for the first fishing operation and the tail fishing operation deck area. There should be enough gear compartments and AIDS in the vicinity of the loader. A soft crane or other lifting device shall be added near the hoist and the fish hatch to better match the fishing operation. The position of the cab should make it easy to clearly observe fishing operations. There should be a windbreak gate at the port to prevent waves during sailing.
"Northern Leader" longline fishing vessel
The Northern Leader is one of the largest frozen longline fishing vessels in the world, with the owner, the Alaska Leadership Fisheries Company, expected to be delivered in April 2013 and will be used to enhance longline fisheries in the North Pacific, the Bering Sea and the Aleutian Islands. The ship was designed by the American company Jensen based on its 180-foot longline fishing boat and entered ABS. The captain 56 M, the width of the ship 12.8 M, the depth of the ship 5.71 M, the frozen fish tank capacity of more than 1000 M3, can carry about 847 T of frozen fish products, fuel tank capacity 515 M3. The ship uses the Mustad automatic line bait machine and has the fishing capacity of 76,800 hooks per day. The processing capacity is up to 69.4 T of the head and viscera products frozen daily.
The ship uses diesel-electric propulsion. The propulsion system includes two SRP 1012FP propellers with a single paddle power of 1000 kW and a 300 kW Shottel STT 170FP pipeline propeller. The diesel power generation system consists of four Caterpillar C32 generating units with a stand-alone power of 715 kW, and one 425 kW C18 C18 and one 238 kW C9 C9 generating unit.
The ship's innovative design will allow it to fully utilize all target species, thus minimizing its impact on the marine ecosystem, while also reducing fuel consumption and emissions.
Impact of the Convention on Fishing Vessels
In recent years, with the increasing attention paid by the international community to fishing vessels, the requirements for fishing vessels such as the International Maritime Organization(IMO) have gradually increased. Since 2008, IMO has made it a high priority to promote the entry into force of the 1993 Protocol to the 1997tuoleimolinuosi(hereinafter referred to as the 1993 Protocol to the International Convention on the Safety of Fishing Vessels), followed by expert consultations, seminars, etc. to speed up the project. At the same time, it also exerted pressure on countries with a large number of Asian fishing boats such as China, Japan and South Korea.
From 9 to 11 October 2012, IMO convened a diplomatic conference on the adoption of the 1993 Protocol to the International Convention on the Safety of Fishing Vessels in Cape Town, South Africa. It was decided that the conditions for its entry into force would be 3,600 fishing vessels operating on the high seas over 24 M and 15 ratifying States. This represents a significant reduction in requirements compared to the initial entry into force conditions of 14,000 fishing vessels over 24 M and 15 ratifications by IMO, which means that the likelihood of its entry into force in the near future is further enhanced.
The 1993 Protocol to the International Convention on the Safety of Fishing Vessels, which is a universal international standard for the safety of fishing vessels that aims to ensure the safety of fishing vessels and their crews for all States with a fishing vessel fleet, and the only international convention on the safety of fishing vessels that the IMO has so far adopted specifically for fishing vessels, For fishing vessels with a captain of 24 M and above. The Convention consists of two parts, the main body and the annex, with a total of 14 articles in the main part and 10 chapters and 170 articles in the annex. It sets high requirements in terms of vessel construction and supporting equipment, vessel certificates and port State control.
In addition to IMO, the European Union was actively promoting the entry into force of its regional convention on the safety of fishing vessels, which was more stringent than the 1993 Protocol to the International Convention on the Safety of Fishing Vessels and required all foreign fishing vessels entering the fishing zones of European Union member States and operating in their territorial waters to meet European Union standards. For example, EU countries require the use of dual-deck fishing vessels to avoid the use of fishing fish products in the sun, processing and easy deterioration, and strengthen the inspection and verification of processing facilities for products entering the market.
This situation is undoubtedly a challenge for China, because the overall technical level of fishing vessels in China is relatively low and the overall age of the ship is high, which is far from the requirements of the new international regulations. According to statistics, the total safety and technical indicators of China meet the requirements of the 1993 Protocol to the International Convention on the Safety of Fishing Vessels, only 7.98 % of the total sample of ocean-going fishing vessels. From a positive point of view, we can use this opportunity to promote the modernization of most of our existing fishing vessels and promote China's modern fishery construction. But this is a good opportunity for the shipbuilding industry. According to the relevant information, modern fishing vessels, especially large ocean-going fishing vessels, are typical high-tech and high value-added products, such as STX Europe's recent construction of three new 69.8 M modern trawlers for Aker Sea Products, with a total value of more than 140 million U.S. dollars, Norway's newly developed large Antarctic krill trawler has a single cost of 144 million U.S. dollars.